Cold Burn
Cold burn or frostbite occurs when the skin is in touch with an extremely cold body. Extreme cold can cause damage to the skin and underlying tissues. For example, if there is a prolonged contact of the skin with moderately cold body like snow or very cold bodies like dry ice, liquid helium or liquid nitrogen for a brief period, cold burns will occur. Here heat is transferred from the skin and organs to the cold body that is in contact. In other kinds of burns, the body that causes the burn is hotter and heat is transferred to the skin or the organ.
Symptoms of frostbite include pins and needles sensation and then numbness in the area. Initially there may be throbbing or aching. The affected part seems to become insensate. In severe frostbite, when the tissue starts to freeze, the skin at that area may appear white and numb. In the affected areas, abnormal accumulation of blood takes place. In addition to accumulation of body fluids, a blood clot may form thereby preventing blood circulation around the area resulting in tissue decay. Normal functioning of the body is disturbed because of cooling of the internal organs, which will lead to a critical condition called hypothermia. Cooling of the brain or heart is very dangerous.
If hypothermia is noticed, treating it should be the priority. Blisters are noticed when there is very severe frostbite. It may also damage tendons, muscles, nerves and bones. Gangrene is inevitable in the case of very severe frostbite. Frostbite may affect any part of the body. The most vulnerable parts are hands, feet, nose and ears. Recovery may be significant when the skin and underlying body tissues are injured and it may be permanent if there is injury to the blood vessels. If gangrene follows, the affected part may have to be amputated. When warming up of the affected part begins, the patient will experience intense pain. There will be tingling or burning sensation in the affected area also.
People taking beta-blockers that decrease blood flow to the skin and those who suffer Peripheral Vascular Disease are at risk when exposed to cold for a prolonged period. Any person who is exposed to extreme cold for a long period is susceptible to frostbite. Diabetes, peripheral neuropathy or Raynaud's phenomenon are some conditions that may have increased risk of cold burns. Smoking and windy weather when the rate of heat loss from the skin is more will hinder the healing process. Cold burns at the work place are common. People who work in factories where they may come in contact with metal surfaces that are at extremely cold temperatures are prone to cold burns. When the skin is moist, they may receive almost instantaneous cold burns.
Prevention of cold burns
Extreme cold, wet clothes, high winds and poor circulation are some of the factors that can contribute to cold burns. Tight boots or clothing and conditions like cramped positions, some medications, smoking or alcohol can cause frostbite. Wearing appropriate clothing in winter when the temperature goes below normal and will help. Winter clothes like mittens, layered clothing that is wind-proof and water resistant gives good protection.
First Aid for cold burns
If you anticipate prolonged exposure to cold, avoid alcohol or smoking and take sufficient food and rest. Increase physical activity that maintains body temperature and find shelter in a snowstorm as early as possible.
Victims should be moved to a warmer place to give shelter from the cold. Constricting jewelry and wet clothes should be removed. If there are symptoms of hypothermia, treat it immediately.
Wrap the affected areas using sterile dressings. Dressings should be done after separating affected fingers and toes.
In case immediate care is unavailable, you can go for re-warming first aid. This can be done by immersing the affected parts in warm water. Otherwise repeated application of warm clothes to injured ears, cheeks or nose for 20 to 30 minutes helps. Water temperature should be kept between 104 to 108 degrees F. To aid the warming process, the water should be kept circulating. During the warming process, swelling, color changes and severe burning pain may be noticed. The wound will heal when there is a slow heat transfer from water to the affected part.
The frost bitten areas should be dressed with dry, sterile dressings. Remembering to keep the fingers or toes separated is important.
Thawed areas should not be moved as far as possible.
In case of extensive frostbite, giving warm drinks to the victim helps in replacing lost fluids.
Until you reach a warm and safe location, do not go for re-warming process. There is the danger of severe damage because of re-freezing of thawed extremities.
Whiplash
Whiplash is the injury associated with the neck as a consequence of an injury to the soft tissues (ligaments, tendons or muscles) following an accidental movement or force applied to the neck thus causing the neck to move past its regular angle of motion. Any sudden and unexpected rough movement of the can cause whiplash. Road accidents or any blow to the neck during sports or assault are likely to cause whiplash.
Symptoms of whiplash occur gradually after the injury. The neck pain is likely to be acute. There may be swelling in the neck and muscle spasms. Headache accompanied with dizziness, buzzing noise in the ears and at times hazy vision are symptoms of whiplash. In rare cases, there is loss of function relating to the neck.
Depending on the severity of the case treatment can either be at home or with the help of a doctor. Applying ice on the affected part will bring down the swelling and the pain. Do not apply ice directly on the skin as this might lead to frostbite; use a towel or some cloth in between the ice and your skin. You can use a pain reliever to help reduce the pain, in case of continuing pain consult your doctor.
The physician may suggest neck massages and heat therapy. Bed rest is needed for acute cases. A cervical collar is suggested to minimize the motion of the neck. Minimal activity or nil activity for the neck is suggested till it heals thoroughly. Whiplash is an unpredictable condition and can occur to anybody, all you can do is try and prevent the condition. Suggested below are few prevention norms:
The seat headrest should be at the appropriate height while driving, the upper tips of your ears should coincide with mid-headrest.
Wear your seat belts while driving.
Ensure you keep your neck safe while taking part in any sport involving physical contact.
Learn to position your neck correctly and never use your neck as a stand.
Tetanus
Tetanus or lockjaw is a bacterial disease that affects the nerves and muscles. Tetanus is caused by the Clostridium tetani bacteria that enter the body through a skin wound. The bacteria produce a neurotoxin that leads to muscle spasms. The muscles of the face and jaw are first affected. The area of the wound is also affected. The toxin then affects other parts of the body as it travels through the blood and lymph systems. Tetanus can be fatal if not treated promptly. Tetanus can occur in cases of injury such as small cuts, frostbite or burn. Tetanus-causing bacteria are found in soil, saliva or fecus and contaminated needles. Newborn infants can get affected by tetanus due to unsanitary conditions during childbirth.
Symptoms of tetanus include muscle spasms in the jaw. The patient may notice these spasms later in the neck, shoulders, abdomen and limbs. Fever and irritability are often noticed. Severe spasms can cause difficulty in breathing. If you have a wound, ensure that it is kept clean. If there is a risk of tetanus infection, the doctor may give a shot of tetanus vaccine. Antibiotics may also be prescribed. Sedatives may be given if the patient suffers from muscle spasms. Tetanus usually occurs in people who have not be immunized or havent had a booster shot.
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